How to Find Essay Samples to Use For Cited Sources

How to Find Essay Samples to Use For Cited SourcesIf you want to cite your sources properly, how to find essay samples to use for cited sources can be one of the biggest obstacles to overcome. You might be successful at using a quote and getting it placed in the body of your own work, but where do you go from there? How do you go about finding academic citations that are free to download and even freely distributed?You can just use quotations or an essay or two and submit them. Most article submission sites will allow this, and if you are not sure of your material then you can simply wait until the submission deadline to see what is available. Also, many sites will allow you to create links to these essays as well.On the other hand, if you are attempting to cite sources then how to find essay samples to use for cited sources will be more of a problem. If you have a large number of these, or you are working with something written by a colleague, you are going to run into problems. Oft en, the sources that you want to use require attribution. Sometimes you can use a similar style to the source of your own source, but often, if you want to use this, you are going to need to create a brand new essay that uses the same sources.The second option is to pay for a source of your sources. This is when it gets tricky, and most sites that offer these don't offer these sources for free. Once again, the best option is to use another site and place the essay on another site, this time with an original resource attached.The third option is to place all of your research papers on the same site so that they can be linked to each other, and to help in this process, you should look around at different sites that offer the same services, and compare prices and packages before committing to one service. Also, you might try signing up for several services and comparing the quality of each.Some people will insist on putting the key term in their quotes, this is usually not a good idea. Another option is to use headers such as 'Original Source: Louise Bourgeois'Copy-edited by Alice Hertz'. While this isn't necessarily an original work, it can still help get your work past reviewers.What about using a quote or essay that is already copyrighted? This may be the case if you are using a material that was prepared by another, or if you are copying an essay that is copyrighted. You might want to find out first though, and if it is copyrighted, or if you need to find someone who has previously prepared this, you can find many sites that offer copyright information.Finding the source that you need to use for cited sources is not impossible, but you will need to know the right places to look. Make sure you also are able to find the essay sample you want before you start searching. The best part about it is that many of these are free, so if you are using these for your own research paper or research for school, then you can get exactly what you need.

Discipline and Students with Disabilities Essay - 906 Words

Public Law 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, now called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), requires states to provide free, appropriate public education (FAPE) for every child regardless of disability. This federal law was the first to clearly define the rights of disabled children to receive special education services if their disability affects their educational performance. A parent of a special education student also has basic rights under IDEA including the right to have their child evaluated by the school district and to be included when the school district meets about the child or makes decisions about his or her education. If a child is identified as in need of special education†¦show more content†¦If these students were placed in a regular classroom, they were often functionally excluded, when no support was provided for the child or the teacher. In addition, many students were misclassified following inaccurate assess ment, placement or tracking. These past practices have been deemed in violation of a student’s constitutional rights. As a result, IDEA now requires that the educational program that is developed by the IEP team provide the child with opportunities in the least restrictive environment (LRE). LRE is the most normal setting that is possible for the student. The team should take several things into consideration when making this determination. First, they must compare the benefits in the regular class and the benefits in the special class. The U.S. Court of Appeals determined that the appropriateness of placement in the regular classroom is not dependent on the student’s ability to learn the same things the other students learn in the regular classroom. The benefit of social interaction should also be taken into account. Second, consideration should be given to the potentially beneficial or harmful effects that placement in the regular classroom may have on the students i nvolved. Finally, cost should be considered when determining the appropriateness of student placement. On occasion, a parent may disagree with the school district’s identification orShow MoreRelatedDiscipline in High School and Elementary Education Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pages Discipline in High School and Elementary Education Grand Canyon University: SPE-350 January 10, 2014 When it comes to special education, discipline is a major concern in this area because many students are incessantly being expelled for their behavior issues that are caused by their disabilities. With the previous law students were excluded from school and received long suspension time because of their behavioral problems but when the new law was passed in 2004 students that areRead MoreDiscipline Process For Special Education1039 Words   |  5 PagesDiscipline Process Matthew Trotti Grand Canyon University: SPD 510 9/23/15 Discipline Process For students with special education it is stated under IDEA that â€Å"with regards to school discipline, schools may consider each situation on a case-by-case basis when determining if a change of placement appropriate for a special education child who violates school education code† (Understanding School Discipline for Special Education Students). The discipline process for students with disabilitiesRead MoreThe Impact Of School Policies And Analysis Strategies1177 Words   |  5 Pagessuspending and expelling students. The subsequent trends in punitive policy enforcement are conspicuous in a great number of states. â€Å"The national number of suspensions has increased from approximately 1.7 million in 1974 to more than 3.3 million in 2006. More recently, during the 2009–2010 school year, a reported 3,081,240.55 children were suspended at least once. With reference to expulsions nationally, in 2006 the Department of Education projected that approximately 102,077 students are expelled fromRead MoreSchool District Policy Analysis: Schools Responsibility of Disabled Children629 Words   |  3 Pagesdistrict must also comply with federal education mandates. One of these national programs, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), is designed to preserve the rights of disabled children by extending them additional protections and services within the public education sector. The local Greene County School District is no exception and its official policies regarding the discipline of disabled children are heavily influenced by the directives of the IDEA act, which states unequivocally thatRead MoreThehistory of Special Education1566 Words   |  7 PagesAssociated with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Latrena Y. Haynes Grand Canyon University: SPE - 526 March 05, 2014 Abstract Special education is a type of education for students with special needs. The term is usually abbreviated as SPED which can also mean Saving People Every Day. This includes people who are different from normal people whether they are a baby, toddler, young adult, or an adult. This includes people who have a disability who are often overlooked at becauseRead MoreDo Beginner Teachers Need Classroom Management Training?973 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In a field that is constantly changing, educators, have to be the exception of being the norm inside of the classroom. Students inside of the Texans Can Charter are use to everyone around them quitting on them and changing their ways. Those particular students are looking for consistency, so why not have consistency in the classroom for higher learning and retention? Harry K. Wong and Rosemary T. Wong stated in How To Be An Effective Teacher: The First Days of School (Wong Wong, 2005)Read MoreThe Price Our Youth Are Paying Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesallegedly kicked another student (who is White) in the eye after he said the student bit him on the back. Neither the teacher nor principal investigated his claim of the other student biting him, and that student did not receive any disciplinary actions. The school instead called my coworker and informed her of Steven s suspension for assaulting another student. During this whole ordeal, the school expressed that they wanted Steven transferred to a school for behavioral students and ignored my coworker’sRead MoreThe Importance Of Discipline And Discipline Problems1185 Words   |  5 PagesIn a perfect world, there are schools that have the best students along with the greatest teachers where discipline is never an issue because everyone follows the rules. In reality there are not any schools that fall into this category so therefore administrators must embrace the fact that sometime during the course of the year, there will be issues that involves students and discipline problems. Problems will arise throughout the year and the administrators must make sure they do their best in beingRead MoreStudents With Special Needs Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesdealing with students in special education who receive instruction through their individualized education plan (IEP). These students in special education are protected under the Indiv iduals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which is legislation that presides over the special education process for students until they reach the legal age of twenty-one. These laws that ensure that special education students receive a quality, free education but they can complicate the discipline process for schoolRead MoreEthics and Legality in Classroom Management1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthe teacher will help them deal with their students, those students’ parents, the school administrators and their community. There are numerous articles written that could help a teacher when researching any legal or ethical issues that may arise during their teaching career. This paper summarizes four peer-reviewed articles that address the legal and ethical implications for classroom management related to the rights and responsibilities of students, parents and teachers. The first article under

Military Leader Assessment and Development - 1450 Words

Today’s military leadership was defined and cultured through revolutions, civil war, conflicts, and currently a combat era lasting almost ten years. Through recent leadership development changes brought on by former Secretary of the Army, Dr. Francis Harvey, the military has become an entity trying to keep ahead of the incessant derogatory diversions to the honorable way of life impeding military leadership everyday. Disregard for human life, loss of the moral compass, innuendo, and complacency have caused the hierarchy to struggle with the leadership model that has formed the civilian populace and ultimately, the future leaders of the military. The leadership model from FM 6-0 serves to guide and provide a basis for thinking and†¦show more content†¦Building family readiness groups, singles opportunities, diversity courses, training on â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell and involving the Chaplain Corps has, and continues, to build a stronger military. This allows for a better transition into a civilian position upon leaving the military. Additionally, it allows for a well-rounded leader to the betterment of the organization. The current Warrior Ethos was authorized by former Army Chief of Staff, Eric K. Shinseki and written (in part) by SFC Matt Larsen, USMC and US Army. (Washington Post, 2003) It encompasses all thoughts and ideals of a service member in combat. Although misconstrued with the Soldier’s Creed, it is only four lines and focuses on the mission, the individual, and the team. Leadership and the encouragement of the team is the epitome of the Warrior Ethos. Using the ethos in everyday activities is stressed throughout all levels of command and through every phases of military schooling. By taking care of military personnel, whether delivering logistics, providing medical care, or administrative paperwork, leaders ensure the inclusion of the ethos. Not taking care of personnel, we ultimately do a disservice to them and their families. Over the next ten years, honor and values must be stressed in the military. The American people trust the military more than they trust their own elected officials. AsShow MoreRelatedMilitary Leadership Development1224 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Abstract Leadership development in the military is critical to its mission and objectives. Understanding and embracing leadership will foster an agile culture and facilitate attainment of strategic goals. People desire quality leadership to assist with achieving their goals, albeit personal or professional development. Having a clear vision and the motivation to perform at high-levels influences others to work synergistically together to achieve organizational goals. Insomuch, employees value beingRead MoreEssay Strategic Leadership1068 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Leadership The only thing harder than being a strategic leader is trying to define the entire scope of strategic leadership a broad, difficult concept. We cannot always define it or describe it in every detail, but we recognize it in action. This type of leadership involves microscopic perceptions and macroscopic expectations. Volumes have been written on the subject, which may in fact contribute to the difficulty of grasping the concept. One finds confusing and sometimes conflictingRead MoreEXAM 1 926 Words   |  4 PagesPRINCIPLE WAYS IN WHICH LEADERS DEVELOP OTHERS? COUNSELING, COACHING, MENTORING 2 WHICH ATTRIBUTE OF THE BROADLY SKILLED NCO PORTRAYS THE NCO AS ONE WHO EMBRACES PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT? LEADER DEVELOPER 2 HOW CAN SOLDIERS INCREASE THEIR CHANCES OF BEING MENTIED? ACTIVELY SEEKING PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK; ADOPTING AN ATTITUDE OF LIFELONG LEARNING 3 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ONE OF THE LEADER PRIORITIES IN MENTORING? EMPHASIZE PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO PREPARE SOLDIERS AND LEADERS TO OPERATE AND MAKERead MorePoor Leadership, Or The More Widely Known Phrase â€Å"Toxic1218 Words   |  5 Pagesleadership†, has been a topic of concern throughout the history of the Army. The Army’s recently published leadership doctrine says that, â€Å"Army leaders motivate people both inside and outside the chain of command to pursue actions, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the greater good of the organization.† (ADP 6-22, 2012) There are many examples of leaders in recent years that have been relieved due to negative effects on their organizations. Poor leadership is commonly portrayed by telltale characteristicsRead MorePersonal Thinking Styles : Life Styles1745 Words   |  7 Pageshas a better understanding of themselves, they have a chance to become better leaders. Leadership is interlinked with behaviour and responsibility since people often emulate what is being done by their leaders. The essay focuses on three aspects they include: personal thinking styles, impact on management styles, and finally the genesis of personal styles. Personal Thinking Styles From the life styles inventory assessment, my two outstanding personal styles are competitive and humanistic-encouragingRead MoreThe Mine Resistant Ambush Protective808 Words   |  4 Pagesremarkable speed of development and production at the time the United States shifted its counterinsurgency strategy in Iraq. The controversy over the MRAP program revolved around the three year delay from when the field initially identified its need until its production. This paper asserts that while MRAP development and production speed was impressive, the slow reaction to the enemy’s Improvised Explosive Device (IED) capability and the lack of doctrine and concept development led to delay. To supportRead More1. The 2013 Army Strategic Planning Guidance (Aspg) Describes1707 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the range of military operations; †¢ develop leaders to meet the challenges of the 21st century; †¢ adapt the Army to more effectively provide land power; and †¢ enhance the all-volunteer Army. Which imperative is the most important and why? Give an example of something that the Army could do to enhance capabilities in that domain. The most important imperative of the Army Campaign Plan is to develop leaders to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Leaders at all levels must beRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1749 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom family. Reports have also shown that 5.5% of the population has been diagnosed with PTSD, whereas 13.2% have been identified within operational military units that have been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (Crum-Cianflone, Frasco, Armenta, Phillips, Horton, Ryan, Leardmann, 2015). These numbers emphasize the importance of leaders within the military to utilize the supportive approach to provide for their follower’s well being and assist them in functioning through these difficult tasks. DeploymentsRead MoreSoldiers Lead A Unique And Exclusive Military Lifestyle1523 Words   |  7 PagesSoldiers lead a unique and exclusive military lifestyle. Along with the stresses of raising a family and working a specialized job, they are tasked with maintaining a physical fitness regimen that ensures they will be ready for the rigors of training for the preparedness of deployment. The Army recognizes that the selfless dedication and commitment of Army families directly contributes to the readiness of our Soldiers. Families are the force behind the force. Throughout the year, the Army observesRead MoreDescription Of A Trainer Interview1599 Words   |  7 PagesMilitary Trainer Interview There are several different types of Trainers that exists within the military. All of which are important in nature. The particular trainer I will be interviewing is a Chemical Warfare Trainer. Soldiers specially trained and assigned to the job of a Chemical Warfare Trainer has the job of training military solder how to prepare and protect themselves from different chemical agents that may be used against them in an attack. The trainer is well versed in the different

The Health Benefits of Yoga Essay - 1186 Words

Yoga is a practice that anyone of any age can complete anywhere at anytime. It originated in ancient India and is estimated to be nearly five thousand years old. Through yoga, one is able to find his or her path to peaceful bliss within him or her self (Finney 25). The mind and the body become balanced with each other, giving one the sense of enlightenment (The Magic of...Meditation). Depending on the styles and poses a person is to choose, yoga benefits a person not only physically, but mentally as well. Any gender at any age or health level has the capability to do yoga because it has various styles, poses, and tempos at which they are performed. Different yoga postures have specific effects on breaking up obstacles in your body, so†¦show more content†¦Bikram is similar to Desikachar, Sivananda, and Viniyoga because they all solely relate to breath and meditation. The difference between all of these styles, are the postures, the practices of breathing, and the diets assoc iated with each type (Cook). Some perceive yoga to be a connection to Buddha, spirits, or the devil, but yoga is only that, if that is what he or she wants it to be. If people are very religious, and they are wanting to use yoga as an offering or praise to their God, they should do Bhakti yoga . To do Bhakti yoga, all that is required is love. While doing so, one prays, sings, or chants to his or her God expressing love, gratitude, or hopes (Finney 38). Hatha yoga is one of the most common, renowned yoga. It’s said to be meditation of the physical body. When Hatha yoga was being developed, the creators’ ultimate goal was to gain control of the mind (Finney 24). It was not an easy task though. Yoga guru, Holiness Sri Swami Satchidananda once said, â€Å"It is easier to control a drunk monkey that has been stung by a scorpion than it is to control the mind† (Finney 22). I find that Karma yoga is the most interesting. It’s believed that Karma isn’t be cause of a higher power trying to punish one for their actions. The things one experiences in life, good or bad, helps one to learn from his or her decisions (Finney 34). Understanding lessons thatShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Yoga On The Mind Body Spirit About A Person s Overall Health Status1524 Words   |  7 Pagesof literature on the benefits of yoga show the importance that exists between the mind, body, and spirit. This review conducted shows the significance of link between the mind-body-spirit about a person’s overall health. Diversity in yoga including type, intensity, and duration are what play significant roles in the levels of perceived health benefits in comparison to traditional exercise. Thus, far stress reduction seems to be the most proposed benefit associated with yoga therapy, even thoughRead MoreEssay The Effects of Yoga in Fitness718 Words   |  3 PagesYoga is a simple process of reversing the ordinary outward flow of energy and consciousness so that the mind becomes a dynamic center of direct perception no longer dependent upon the fallible senses but capable of actually experiencing Truth (Self-Realization Fellowship). Yoga also helps a person’s physical well being. So what are the effects of yoga in fitness? Well, there are several ways that yoga affects people’s physical fitness components; there are also several benefits, and also many waysRead MoreBms Conducts A Program For Yoga1065 Words   |  5 PagesDetails about BMS program BMS conducts a program for Yoga. Yoga is the activity to explain the procedure behind connecting one’s body, brain and respiration. The variation in brain is known as Vritti and beat of respiration is known as Pranayama. It just connects brain and human body. BMS International School of Yoga has been providing Yoga classes to community and visitors since the year 2008. This school got registration from Yoga Alliance. This program is designed to make learners to learn aboutRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Yoga Meditation1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe Benefits of Yoga and Meditation In today’s environment, many people are suffering with the stress and anxiety of day to day living and are finding themselves unable to cope with life’s little emergencies. Prescription drugs are on the rise due to the increasing need for people to deal with their stress and anxiety. However, many people are searching for ways to be less stressed and live a happy and healthy life without drugs. If stress and anxiety are getting the best of you, then think aboutRead More Yoga and its Relation to Health Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pages Yoga has been practiced for more than 5,000 years. There is an estimated 11 million Americans enjoying the health benefits of yoga. Though few people even know why. Most people think it’s just â€Å"Stretching†, But very few ever really stops to think about the health benefits of yoga. So let’s look at a few of these shall we? Some of the most commonly talked about benefits of yoga are the all-around fitness, weight loss, Stress relief, inner peace, improved immunity, living with greaterRead MoreYoga and Health1692 Words   |  7 PagesHealth and Yoga: Benefits of Yoga Related to Human Health About a year ago this month I injured my back working out at my local gym. My injury was just a pinched nerve in my lower back so it was nothing serious or to be worried about in the long term. The problem I was faced with was that after I healed, which took a couple of months with no exercise, I couldn’t get motivated to go back to he gym and continue working out. After two months of doing nothing the last thing I wanted to do was startRead MoreYoga as medication?1382 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals who practice yoga experience an awareness of their body and environment. Yoga helps them to relax and feel at peace with a subtle feeling of stimulation. This paper examines the use of prescription drugs/stimulants that are used to treat ADHD in children, and the use of an alternative that for some can be just as effective to treat ADHD. Yoga has beneficial factors for managing ADHD symptoms. According to the â€Å"yoga Journal† through deep breathing exercises, yoga tea ches kids to tap intoRead MoreTransform Your Life With Yoga And Meditation1403 Words   |  6 PagesTransform Your Life with Yoga And Meditation! MariaJohnson By MariaJohnson May 2, 2013 Yoga and meditation have been a crucial part of history. If you think yoga is about twisting and bending your body, then it s time to see it in a new light. In simpler form it is a combination of asanas, pranayamas, and meditation. Yoga and meditation are two important aspects that complement each other. Meditation is a crucial part of yoga sessions and one of its five principles; after-all being mentally fitRead MoreAn Effective Adjunct Therapy For Eating Disorders1458 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies, and scientific findings regarding eating disorders. Incorporating yoga into eating disorder recovery plans has become common, and has proven results for improving body image, and reducing levels of anxiety and depression that often accompany eating disorders. Yoga is an effective adjunct therapy for eating disorder patients, and can have significant results when combined with traditional medical treatments. Yoga originated in India, and is a practice that involves body movement, breathRead MoreThe Yoga Sutras, The Science Of The Mind, Body And Spirit1200 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Top In the Yoga Sutras, Yoga is defined as union of mind, body and spirit. Classically, Yoga is understood as the science of the mind. [1] These days it is assuming importance in improving mental health and quality of life in the treatment of a number of disorders. [2] Several diseases affect a person s biopsychosocial functioning to a greater or lesser degree. [3] These diseases are known as psychosomatic diseases. Psychosomatic means mind (psyche) and body (soma). A psychosomatic

Aids in the thrid world country Essay Example For Students

Aids in the thrid world country Essay In 2004 circa 95 thousand people died in Latin America. Cause of death? In a world of today where there is an abundance of bloodshed and carnage, surprisingly violence is not the primary cause of death but AIDS is. Having taken health classes for over five years, HIV/AIDS and STDs were not new or surprising. I became apathetic and impassive to such related issues. It seemed like something distant and remote that would never happen to me. But then a startling news article that stated in large bold letters, Brazil houses one-third of the carriers of the HIV virus in Latin America caught my attention. In the article it stated that in 2004, circa 95 thousand people died of Aids in Latin America and there were 240 thousand new people diagnosed with HIV. This daunting article was a revelation. It awoke me from the beautiful and hygienic fairy-tale world I was in and dropped me into arms of the real world, where AIDS and STDs are not that remote and it could happen to anyone. In Latin Ameri ca out of the 400 million inhabitants nearly 1.7 million are carriers of the virus that causes AIDS. This incurable deadly virus is spreading in a frightening manner. People diagnosed with HIV are increasing by 25% each year in Latin America. The cause is due to ignorance. People tend to believe that only homosexuals are affected by the virus. What they are unaware of is that HIV is caused by exchange in blood, semen, or other bodily fluids. Therefore everyone is susceptible to the virus, primarily consumers of injectable drugs and people that have multiple sex partners and those that dont use protection during the act of intercourse. This issue is important, firstly because a third of the carriers of the virus live where I live. Consequently it made me more conscious and aware of the environment I live in and it also made me a more grateful person. Secondly it is a serious issue that is burgeoning and if not contained could in the long run expunge a large population of people in La tin America. Immediate containment of the virus is imperative. In order to reduce the spread of the virus most importantly people should become educated and conscious of the virus. In a country where a large portion of the population is from the lower class not many people received proper sex education consequently public awareness of this issue is low if almost negligible. Therefore there should be government sponsored programs and ads which teach the general public about this issue and methods of prevention. In addition the government should provide medications for people diagnosed with HIV, especially to those who are from the lower class. Finally the government should provide HIV tests to people, especially pregnant women in order to prevent transmission from mother to son, and also provide treatment to the mother and new born if infected especially to those from the lower class.

Sociology of the Family Steve Nock In Focus Essay Example

Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus Essay We hear a good deal nowadays about the crisis of the American family and even its impending death. The state of marriage has become severely weakened in Western nations over the past decades. Divorce, the postponement of marriage, a rise in the proportion of the never-married, an increase in non-marital cohabitation, and the ready availability of contraception are forces that have eroded the family and compromised its ultimate function, the licensing of reproduction. The American family has held on, and many believe actually flourished. Some population experts say that families are back in style. And some sociologists insist that the family is a timeless entity, rooted in our social and animal nature. However, since society is always changing, the family, as the basic unit of this larger entity, must change to reflect this fact. As viewed from the family reorganization perspective, marriage and the family are changing to reflect personal lifestyle choices available in today’s society. Accordingly the family is not only a resilient institution; it is a durable feature of the human experience. Steve L. Nock’s opus Marriage As A Public Issue described this phenomenon in the shape of the myth of the model family. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nock touches on the laments about the condition of the family imply that at an earlier time in history the family was more stable and harmonious that it currently is. Yet, despite massive research, historians have not located a golden age of the family. He contends that the marriages of the ancient times were based on family and property needs, not on choice by affection. Families were often devastated by desertion and death. She views the family as an institution in difficulty and cite many signs that they take as evidence of decay and disintegration: Loveless marriages and increasing remarriage cases, the tyranny of husbands, high death rates, and the beating and abuse of children are up to a grim image. And she holds ancient Christianity accountable for this paradoxically antifamilial phenomenon. Nock believes that the really critical event in an individual’s life centers on moving into a relationship marked by intimacy, commitment, and love. It is true that far more marriages break up today than in the past. The divorce rate has increased eightfold since the early part of the century, to the point where millions of Americans go through marriage counseling and divorce courts every year. As well, Nock suggests that family violence, and domestic abuse are much more common than most Americans had suspected. The expression coming out of the closet is an apt one when applied to battered women and victims of abuse and sexual coercion. They have been as reluctant as gay persons have been to reveal their sexual preferences. Traditionally, they have attempted to keep the indignities they have experienced locked inside the family home. Family or domestic violence includes the use or threat of physical force or restraint carried out with intent of causing pain or injury to a family member, and consist of pushing, shoving, slapping, kicking, biting, hitting with fists, hitting or trying to hit with an object, beatings, and threat or use of a weapon. Although both men and women engage in violence, men typically do more damage than their female partners. Women are affected by violence the most, in that their mental and physical health suffers in violent relationships where they are in more danger of killing or being killed by their partners. Some men find it easier to control the weaker members of the family by force because it does not require negotiation or interpersonal skills. This way, Nock proves that men really take all the advantageous aspects of a marriage. Women put up with battering for a variety of reasons. For one thing, the fewer the resources as wife has in the way of education or job skills, the more vulnerable she is in the marriage. For another, Americans place the burden of achieving ideal family picture or at the least, family harmony on women, with the implication that they have failed if the marriage disintegrates. From a cultural perspective, as maintained by English social principle, women were regarded as chattel; initially, as possessions of their fathers, and afterward of their spouses. Moreover, many women become entrapped in abusive relationships, a process whereby they escalate their commitment to a previously chosen but failing course of action in order to justify of make good on their prior investments. That the women come to believe that they have too much invested to quit. Finally, the more a wife was abused by her parents and witnessed violence in her childhood home, the more likely she is to remain with an abusive husband. Nock says that the mothers in incestuous families are commonly passive, have a poor self-image, and are overly dependent on their husbands, much the same traits found among battered wives. The victims of molestation are usually shamed or terrified into treating the experience as a dirty secret. The sexual abuse of children often leads to behavioral problems, learning difficulties, sexual promiscuity, runaway behavior, drug and alcohol abuse, gastrointestinal and genitourinary complaints, compulsive rituals, clinical depression, low self-esteem, and suicidal behavior. In the modern age, the matters of family violence and domestic abuse have emerged as major issues. Even so, considerable ambivalence still exists on these subjects. Much needs to be done to assist the victims, if not to save the model family. Should the trend continue, industrial societies will be impaired because they will not replace themselves. As well, the changing roles of American men and women have also reduced the benefits of marriage, increasingly separating marriage from sexual behavior and making parenthood simply an option. Like many Americans, Steve Nock similarly shares a concern about the directions in which family life has been moving in recent decades. They view the family as an institution in difficulty and cite many signs that they take as evidence of decay and disintegration. Indisputably, Marriage As A Public Issue tells that the meaning of marriage has been changing and with it the family institution. But pronouncements concerning the death of the family, or at least its impending doom, seem greatly exaggerated. While its obituary continues to be written, the myth of the model family still has to find if it will have a happy ending or tortuous development throughout American history. In the interim, the troubled family and an outsider will have to work together to help the former perceive what is happening between them that is creating problems for one or more of the members. The focus is on altering the spaces between people and their relationships, rather than on changing the processes within maladjusted individuals so as to irrationally piece together a picture-perfect model family. True, gender roles probably represent the earliest division of labor among human beings. Consequently, we are all born into societies with well-established cultural guidelines for the behavior of men and women. In any society, they emphasize monogamy in relationships. Steve Nock expounds that in order to achieve maturity, people have to go through the rite of passage through matrimony. As part of the life cycle, successful marriages determine an assured good afterlife while unsuccessful ones a guaranteed loss in the spiritual realm. Sexual inequality has been sustained historically by assigning the economic provider role to men and the childbearing role to women. In contrast, contends Nock, if a man did not contribute what a woman felt to be his fair share of the housework, the relationship was not usually jeopardized. If put against the metaphor of the chopsticks, this reality will prove inequitable in the American society. Figuratively speaking, if chopsticks will not work together as a pair, the entire universe will not even turn out manageable. Families, villages, and the society as a whole will lose grip on the sense of balance epitomized by male and female roles. American men seemed preoccupied with dominance and power. In fact, they could take pleasure in their partner’s success only if it was not superior to their own. In contrast, women were found to be happier and relationships were more stable when the male partners were ambitious and successful. Most married couples pooled their money. However, regardless of how much the wife earned, they measured their financial success by the husband’s income only. Most of the married couples had sexual relations at least once a week. People who had sex infrequently were just as likely to have a long-lasting relationship as those who had sex often. While couples were happier when the opportunity to initiate and refuse sex was shared equally by the partners, in more than half of the cases the husbands were still the primary initiators. But whereas the women tended to link sex and love, men often did not. Less than a third of the couples engaged in extramarital activities. Husbands were more often repeatedly unfaithful than wives, but their transgressions did not necessarily represent dissatisfaction with either their partner or the relationship as a whole. Women, in contrast, often strayed just once, mostly out of curiosity; but for them, infidelity was more likely to blossom into a full-fledged love affair. According to Nock, women were more likely than men to say they were the emotional caretakers of the family, although almost majority of the men indicated that they focused more on their marriage than they did on their work. In about a quarter of the marriages, both partners claimed they were relationship-centered. Furthermore, Marriage As A Public Issue also tackles the obstructions that women had to deal with whenever they make introspective evaluation of themselves and see in their husbands’ shadows the genuine picture of themselves revealed back to them. The imagery of women is depicted as a frustrated segment of the society that is stuck on the long-term customs and habits women are obliged to undertake day in day out, even if it goes to a sadistic extent. Indeed, husbands so objected to doing housework that the more they did of it, the more unhappy they were, the more they argued with their wives, and the greater were the chances the couple would divorce. Divorced mothers with teenage sons find their situation particularly stressful, in part because they have greater difficulty establishing control and authority. Financial problems complicate the difficulties of many women. Only half of divorced mothers receive any money at all from their children’s fathers, and this is seldom much. The states began formalizing laws to help children whose parents lacked the financial means to care for their physical needs. Local governments often provided the funds for these programs. These programs were intended to help children whose fathers were deceased; sometimes assistance was also provided to children whose fathers were disabled or absent through divorce or desertion. These early programs were called mothers’ aid or mothers’ pensions. Proving that men are really at the favored side even at the aftermath of a marriage, children are usually left to the lone custody of the mother. Being a single mother of several children requires making sacrifices. Many single-parent mothers whine of a lack of free time, spiraling child-care costs, loneliness, and unrelenting pressures associated with the dual demands of home and job. Although many women do not choose single parenting, most are proud of their ability to survive under adverse circumstances. On the other hand, and looking from the minority single fathers’ perspectives, single fathers also encounter many of the same problems. Juggling work and childcare poses a good deal of difficulty, especially for fathers with preschool youngsters. Many fathers first attempt to have someone come into their homes and care for the children there while they are at work. But the vast majority finds that this arrangement does not work out. Many fathers then gravitate toward daycare centers and nursery schools where they feel that the staff has a professional commitment to children. Experiences of deception, betrayal, aggression, codependence, and breakup forcefully remind us that communication can be a very difficult and risky business in the American society. the negative patterns of communication constructed by relational partners are the result of imbalances in the dialectical tensions in a relationship. One dialectical tension is that people need both autonomy as separate individuals and intimacy with others. In this case, the other chopstick either wants to have a better mate or to be alone. In other societies like China, if the co-headship of the husband and wife renders imbalanced, cultural villages as that of Lahu might gradually perish. Unfortunately, the image we gain from the non-Lahu theories is one of essentially passive individuals who are programmed for behavior by adult bearers of culture. Children are given cues to their gender roles in a great variety of ways. Parents often furnish boys’ and girls’ rooms differently, decorating those of boys with animal motifs and those of girls with floral motifs, lace, fringe, and ruffles. Steve Nock proves there is nothing wrong with this divisive definition of gender roles. However, the complementary companionship of the two should precede, prevail and even push the marriage until after physical death. Once the children start elementary school, fathers usually allow them to stay alone after school. Many single fathers report that their greatest difficulty in making the transition to single parenthood is losing their wife’s help and companionship; they say that it is more difficult for them to become single than to become a single parent. Overall, the single father is neither the extraordinary human nor the bumbling Mr. Mom depicted in many popular stereotypes. Indeed, marriage is a partnership born out of love, founded on thought-out goals, and sustained through procreation. With such â€Å"heavy and big concepts,† no doubt mature conduct should be a pre-requisite and a growing footing in such a relationship. Even before Steve Nock prophesied the family myth, back in the day, the myth against women was already developing when educators of the Medieval and Enlightenment periods started to worry about the strength and character of the American family. In colonial and frontier times people expressed anxiety about the disruption of family life. And in the 19th and early 20th centuries, worry about the family was cloaked in recurrent public hysteria regarding the peril posed to the nation’s Anglo-American institutions by the arrival of immigrant groups with alien cultures. In sum, the model family question despite its many guises, is not new. So, given the lesson of history and the certainty that families will continue to adapt in unforeseen ways, it is safe to assume that debate will continue.

Lifespan Development and Personality Essays

Lifespan Development and Personality Essays Lifespan Development and Personality Essay Lifespan Development and Personality Essay Lifespan Development and Personality By Denise Isaac Carroll Lytch Psych 103 April 28, 2010 Developmental psychology seeks to address various aspects of human development, including physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development. In developmental psychology the debate about nature versus nurture, continuity versus stages, and stability versus change are still ongoing. According to the nature position, human behavior and development are governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals in a process known as maturation. Humans crawl before we walk and walk before we run. One of several critical periods during our lifetime is, when an organism is especially sensitive to certain experiences that shape the capacity for future development. On the other side of the debate, those who hold an extreme nuturist position argue that development occurs by learning through personal experience and observation of others. Continuity proponents believe that development is continuous, with new abilities, skills, and knowledge being gradually added at a relatively uniform pace. Therefore, the continuity model suggests that adult thinking and intelligence differ quantitatively from a childs. Stage theorists, on the other hand, believe that development occurs at different rates, alternating between periods of little change and periods of abrupt, rapid change. Psychologists who emphasize stability in development hold that measurements of personality taken during childhood are important predictors of adult personality. Of course, psychologists who emphasize change disagree. Like the nature versus nurture debate, the debates about continuity versus stages and stability versus change are not a matter of â€Å"either-or. Physical development and motor skills, for example, are believed to be primarily continuous in nature, whereas cognitive skills usually develop in discrete stages. Similarly, some traits are stable, whereas others vary greatly across the life span. The physical development in childhood is rapid, the brain and other parts of the nervous system grows faster than any other part of the body. By age 6, the child’s brain is 9/10 its full adult weight. Rapid brain growth during early childhood slows down in later childhood. Further brain development and learning occur primarily because neurons grow in size and because the number of axons and dendrites, as well as the extent of their connections, increases. Adolescence is the loosely defined psychological period of development between childhood and adulthood. We consider it to be the teenage years. The concept of adolescence and its meaning varies greatly across cultures. Cognitive development for childhood age 2 – 7 is known as preoperational and has the ability for significant language and thinks symbolically. Piaget labeled this period â€Å"preoperational† because the child lacks operations, or reversible mental processes. Children at this stage have difficulty understanding that there are points of view other than their own. Egocentrism refers to the preoperational childs limited ability to distinguish between his or her own perspective and someone elses. It does not mean â€Å"selfishness† in the ordinary sense of the word. The preschooler who moves in front of you to get a better view of the TV or repeatedly asks questions while you are talking on the telephone is demonstrating egocentrism. They assume that others see, hear, feel, and think exactly as they do. Children in the preoperational stage believe that objects such as the sun, trees, clouds, and bars of soap have motives, feelings, and intentions. From age 7 – 11 it is known as concrete operational and has the ability to perform operation on concrete objects and understands conservation. Because they understand the concept of reversibility, they recognize that certain physical attributes such as volume remain unchanged when the outward appearance of an object is altered, a process known as conservation. The final stage in Piagets theory is the formal operational stage, which typically begins around age 11. In this stage, children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects. They also become capable of hypothetical thinking â€Å"What if? † which allows systematic formulation and testing of concepts. Along with the benefits of this cognitive style come several problems. Adolescents in the early stages of the formal operational period demonstrate a type of egocentrism different from that of the preoperational child. Although adolescents recognize that others have unique thoughts and perspectives, they often fail to differentiate between what they are thinking and what others are thinking. Social behavior becomes more evident in childhood, and research shows that children raised in impersonal surroundings such as in institutions that do not provide the stimulation and love of a regular caregiver or under abusive conditions suffer from a number of problems. They become rigid when picked up; and they have few language skills. They also tend to form shallow or anxious relationships. Some appear forlorn, withdrawn, and uninterested in their caretakers, whereas others seem insatiable in their need for affection. They also tend to show intellectual, physical, and perceptual retardation; increased susceptibility to infection; and neurotic â€Å"rocking† and isolation behaviors. In some cases, they die from lack of attachment. Morals at the childhood stage are considered to be a focus on self-interest, obedience to authority and avoidance of punishment. Because they also have difficulty considering anothers point of view, they ignore peoples intentions in their moral judgments. Children in their childhood also become aware of others perspectives, but their morality is based on reciprocity, an equal exchange of favors. Preschoolers learn to initiate activities and enjoy their accomplishments. Caregivers who are supportive and encouraging promote feelings of power and self-confidence versus guilt. Elementary school-aged children develop a sense of industry and learn productive skills that their culture requires, such as reading, writing, and counting; if not, they feel inferior. Personality describes you as a person, how you are different from other people, and what patterns of behavior are typical of you. There are five basic personality traits. These five major dimensions of personality are often dubbed the Big Five. To remember the five factors is to note that the first letters of each of the five-factor model spell the word ocean. O  Ã‚  | Openness. People who rate high in this factor are original, imaginative, curious, open to new ideas, artistic, and interested in cultural pursuits. Low scorers tend to be conventional, down-to-earth, narrower in their interests, and not artistic. Interestingly, critical thinkers tend to score higher than others on this factor (Clifford, Boufal, Kurtz, 12. 18). | | C  Ã‚  | Conscientiousness. This factor ranges from responsible, self-disciplined, organized, and achieving at the high end to irresponsible, careless, impulsive, lazy, and undependable at the other. | | E  Ã‚  | Extroversion. This factor contrasts people who are sociable, outgoing, talkative, fun loving, and affectionate at the high end with introverted individuals who tend to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved at the low end. | A  Ã‚  | Agreeableness. Individuals who score high in this factor are good-natured, warm, gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful, whereas low scorers are irritable, argumentative, ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative, and vindictive. | | N  Ã‚  | Neuroticism (or emotional stability). People who score high in neuroticism are emotionally unstable and prone to insecurity, anxiety, guilt, worry, and moodiness. People at the other end are emotionally stable, calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relax. | The five-factor model is the first to achieve the major goal of trait theory, to describe and organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits. Critics argue, however, that the great variation seen in personalities cannot be accounted for by only five traits and that the Big Five model fails to offer causal explanations for these traits. Finally, trait theorists have been criticized for ignoring the importance of situational and environmental effects on personality. Numerous methods have been used over the decades to assess personality. Modern personality assessments are used by clinical and counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, and others for diagnosing psychotherapy patients and for assessing their progress in therapy. Personality assessment is also used for educational and vocational counseling and to aid businesses in making hiring decisions. Personality assessments can be grouped into a few broad categories: interviews, observations, objective tests, and projective tests. Objective personality tests, or inventories, are the most widely used method of assessing personality, for two reasons. They can be administered to a large number of people relatively quickly and the tests can be evaluated in a standardized fashion. Unlike objective tests, projective tests use unstructured stimuli that can be perceived in many ways. As the name implies, projective tests supposedly allow each person to project his or her own unconscious conflicts, psychological defenses, motives, and personality traits onto the test materials. Because respondents are unable or unwilling to express their true feelings if asked directly, the ambiguous stimuli reportedly provide an indirect â€Å"psychological X-ray† of important unconscious processes. As you can see, each of these methods has its limits. Psychologists typically combine the results from various methods to create a full picture of an individuals personality. After all the tests and all the studies, are mind, body and soul will always be one step away from being a mystery. References http://e-courses. cerritos. edu writerscafe. org brainmass. com runet. edu