House of Lords Reform Essay

firm of Lords Reform EssayHouse of Lords Role and PowersIn comparison with the House of Commons, the House of Lords forcefulnesss atomic number 18 restricted. Their political lap is owed more to convention and tradition. The House has no influence on any bills relating to political sympathies finance and although it has the authority to stall any acts of parliament for up to a year, the Commons can cite the Parliament transaction 1949 an act introduced by childbed that effectively re behaved the delaying privileges of the Lords to swiftly defeat any motion.How forever, the Lords do break the jurisdiction to veto any bill that may prolong a establishments tenure in office. Each government can only rule for five dollar bill years without a general election. Therefore, the Lords can block any move by the Commons to extend a regime beyond their legal term. Incidentally, this power has never been used in practice.The Lords make a valuable contribution to improving the quality of legislation in parliament. 50 60% of the chambers while is devoted to the revision of Commons bills. During the 2007/08 parliamentary session, the Lords tabled 7,259 amendments to draft bills of which 2,625 were accepted by the Commons. These included the Counter Terrorism Bill which outlined plans to revise the period of cartridge clip emf terrorism suspects could be detained in custody without charge. The proposal was rejected by a majority of 192.The Lords have the capacity to dedicate time to in-depth interrogation of proposed bills. This allows the Commons to take a back seat role and concentrate their efforts on MP constituency responsibilities and other issues. Consequently, many of the to the highest degree thorough and full create amendments find their origins in the House of Lords. In fact, it has been struggled that the Commons abuse the Lords time and expertise in order to rework incompetently contrived bills.The Lords posses equal powers on matters concerning Private Members Bills. In plain terms, like the Commons, they too can reject them outright. In 2005, Lord Joffe proposed a bill that legalised assisted suicide in the part of terminally ill individuals. This involved doctors having the discretion to prescribe patients with a fatal dose of medication. However, the bill was fervently opposed on moral grounds and after overcome.Like their counterpart, the Lords is also safe guarded by parliamentary privilege. This means that the chamber is exempt from libel allegations and therefore permits helpmates the liberty of free speech in spite of break through and throughance parliament.Legislative procedures aside, the House of Lords plays an of the essence(p) role in scrutinising the actions of parliament. This scrutiny takes the form of questions to ministers, debates in parliament and committee work.There is no Lords equivalent to Commons Questions Time. In its place, time is allocated at the start of each days session for questions to the Lords ministers. During the 2007/08 parliamentary session, 595 oral questions were put forth whilst 5,814 oral written questions were lodged.Debates in the chamber are reflective of the diverse membership of the house. Generally, they are said to be more civil than those that take place in the Commons. Furthermore, although close up evident, party allegiance does not carry the same weight. The content of the issues discussed are said to be far more deliberated and comprehensive than those in the Commons. This can be explained by the caliber of model the Lords can boast. The 2007/08 parliamentary session featured 80 general debates ranging from disputes about the state of the armed forces to the current economic molduation in the UK.The House of Lords exhibits a number of committees globally acclaimed for their expertise. The coveted European Communities Committee is held in high regard and compliments the less detailed studies conducted by their Commons counterpart. The Sc ience applied science Committee, founded in 1979, was responsible for a damning report in 2007 on e-crime. The review examined the role the internet has played in increasing crime levels, play up the dangers of online depravity and advised the government of the preventative measures that needed to be put in place. In 2005, the Lords Constitution Committee produced a report on the potential introduction of ID cards and concluded that it threatened to destroy the harmony between the state and citizen.As of October 2009, the judicial powers of the House of Lords were removed when the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was brought into practice. Prior to this, the chamber was considered the highest court in the United Kingdom and was traditionally the court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases. Justice was administered via the Law Lords the countries most higher-ranking judges. However, with the creation of a new United Kingdom Supreme Court, the judicial role of the Lords was eff ectively rendered void.Composition of House of LordsIn 1997, Tony Blairs drive government came to power and immediately pledged to make the House of Lords more democratic and instance of the electorate. Up until this point, the chamber had comprised of life peers who had been honoured with their seat due to outstanding achievements in their field of work and the traditional hereditary peers who ascended to their position through birth.Due to the massive prevalence of butt iodined-up supporters amongst hereditary peers prior to 1999, there existed an ingrown Conservative majority within the entropy Chamber of parliament.The House of Lords Act 1999 sought to fulfil the grok partys 1997 manifesto commitment to remove the right of hereditary peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords. The Act served to remove more than 600 hereditary peers from membership. Consequently, this created greater equality between the Conservatives and Labour, leaving the balance of power being held by t he cross-benchers and the Liberal populists. There was no longer a single party who dominated the House.This change in composition is reflected when comparing House of Lords Membership in January 1999 to that of November 2009. In January 1999, prior to the Acts ratification, the Conservatives had 473 peers sitting in the second chamber. As of November 2009, there were only 190 active Conservative peers. In stark contrast, in January 1999, Labour had 168 peers within the House. This figure had risen to 212 by November 2009 and therefore emphasises the close parity now in operation between Labour and Torypeers. The number of Liberal Democrat peers has remained consistent. In 1999, the party had 67 peers. This figure had increased marginally to 71 by 2009. The removal of hereditary peers also resulted in a significant assoil in cross-bench peers. In 1999, there were 310 working in the House. By 2009, this number had reduced to 183.The composition of the chamber has also been altered b y the increasing numbers racket of life peers derived from common social standing. Whilst hereditary peers are traditionally bourn of upper class backgrounds, life peers offer a more socially representative alternative. However, it must be noted that despite this discrepancy, class issues still remain. In order to offer a life peerage, recipients will generally have achieved something of special(prenominal) repute. Therefore, by the time peerage is granted, it is highly unlikely that the individual will be still considered of lower social standing. In turn, this severely hampers the chances of the chamber ever becoming a socially representative mechanism of the United Kingdom.The terms of the House of Lords Act 1999 has also increased the role played by fair sex within the House of Lords. In 1990, 80 women held peerage within the House. By November 2009, as a result of the changing composition, there were 148 women sitting with the Lords. This shows an increase from 7% of the tota l membership to 20 % of the total membership in just under two decades.The present day House of Lords is evidently different from that one that existed before Labour came to power in 1997. Its composition has been transformed in comparison with the Conservative stronghold that was in place pre meliorate and it now promotes a far more equal representation of political allegiance, gender and social status. More significantly, the vast majority of members are life peers and not hereditary peers.The Reforms docketStage two of the Labour Governments plans to crystallise the House of Lords involved the consolidation of Stage One the removal of hereditary peers. It was designed to bolster and strengthen the move to a second chamber based purely on appointment. The idea was that the reforms would create a more representative chamber based on the votes a political party had acquired at the previous general election.Stage three of the reforms agenda outlined proposals for an expansive ref orm of the House of Lords. In theory, the government had expect that the successful implementation of an all-appointed second chamber would allow for more fundamental reforms to be made in order to stabilise the Lords position in Parliament. Secondly, the government planned to introduce a wider programme of constitutional change within the House. This hinged entirely on the success of the stage two reforms in ensuring the House of Lords keep its legitimacy.Jack Straw, the secretary of state for justice, recently claimed that the reforms of 1999 dramatically changed the House of Lords for the better. However, many would argue this is not the case. Ultimately, the Labour government has failed to deliver on its promise of a wholly elected second chamber.In 2007 the House of Commons voted in favour of reforms leading to a 100% or 80% elected second chamber. This proposal was rejected outright by the House of Lords. Despite the governments insistence that the reforms would be pushed thr ough using the will of the Commons, two years have since passed and the in-house squabbling still rages between those in power. This is the frank nature of the reforms debate.An unelected second chamber with no direct link to the people raises serious questions of legitimacy. The body itself is fundamental to the making of legislation. The Labour Party has been in power for close to 13 years and it has achieved very little. The successful implementation of Stage one of the Lords reform programme now appear as substantial as a gentle breeze. Despite overwhelming public favour for reform of the Lords and numerous votes for a fully elected chamber, Labour has not pushed through the reform agenda its 1997 manifesto guaranteed.Unfortunately, the governments plans have not came to fruition.. It looks likely that it will remain that way for the foreseeable future.SourcesJones, B. Kavanagh, D. Moran, M. and Norton, P. (2007), Politics UK, 6th var.Norton, P. (2005), Parliament in British Po liticsRussell, M. (2000), Reforming the House of Lords Lessons from OverseasDirect Gov Website http//www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htmThe Works of the House of Lords http//www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/HoLwork.pdfUK Parliament Website http//www.parliament.uk/index.cfmAppendixQuestions to MP regarding House of Lord Reforms1. Please can you explain the term the Poodle of the Prime Minister and its relation to Stage One of the House of Lords reform agenda?2. wherefore the change of heart regarding your stance on reform?3. Where do the Governments major failings lie in terms of not delivering on its 1997 manifesto promise to reform the House of Lords?4. Do you agree that an elected second chamber is an essential link to the people and not having one raises questions of legitimacy?5. There are those who argue that the restraining influence of the Lords is crucial to the efficiency of the UK Parliamentary system. Why do we need an elected second chamber?Follow up1. Philip Norton Lord Norton of Louth Conservative peer and professor of government at the University of Hull. From 2001 to 2004 he was Chairman of the House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution. He has been described in The House Magazine the ledger of both Houses of Parliament as our greatest living expert on Parliament. Mr Norton is extremely lettered on the governments reform agenda and has written acclaimed publications on the matter. fortune as peer within the Lords, he would be able to give a view from the parapets.2. Gerald Warner Scottish newspaper columnist and political commentator. He is a former policy advisor to the British Cabinet Minister. His daily blog for the Daily Telegraph attracts widespread debate and he regularly writes of the need for reform within the House of Lords. Mr Warner would be a useful port of contact as he has been immersed in the politics for a number of years and through his daily blog activity would be able to transmit an accurate portrayal of British consensus on Lords reform agenda.3. Lord Hope Scottish imagine and Deputy Head of the Supreme Court of the UK. Lord Hope is a prestigious Law Lord and has served in the House of Lords in numerous important roles. It would be beneficial to gauge his reaction to the devolved judicial powers of the House of Lords now that the New Supreme Court is in operation.4. Jonathan Freedland British Journalist who writes a weekly column for the Guardian. Recently expressed his views on the need for an elected second Chamber of Parliament. Therefore, the issue is of great interest to him and he will be knowledgeable on the subject matter. Also, hes a young journalist who might be able to give a fresh perspective on the House of Lords.

Investigating Service User And Care Involvement Social Work Essay

Investigating Service User And C ar Involvement Social Work EssayIntroductionThe following surveil will dispute the issue of wait on drug user involvement in the political campaign/ deepen procedure. The refresh was compiled by the author at bottom a nineteen bedded forensic Mental Health unit. The ward was at full capacity at the time of writing this review.The process users all had different levels of rational illness, each with a different history, level of cognitive awareness, degree of institutionalisation and willingness to adapt and change. This review will assess to what extent religious good users are involved with the business c at a timern planning/ pouch planning process in the ward and give possible recommendations on how this process may be improved.The review will consist of an introduction, aims of the review, methods of data collection, findings on a series of questions and answers on the extent of do user involvement in the neglect process, conclusion s, and possible recommendations for change. It will conclude with a reflection piece. 148Aims of The suss outDuring this office the author decided on a subject to review, this subject was service user involvement in discharge planning. While collating information for the review some questions arose these questions wereDoes the service user feel included in decision devising?How does the lag involve the service user in the decision making if at all?Has discharge been discussed with the service user?These questions lead to the author constructing some key questions to carry out in the review these will be discussed get ahead in the findings. 91Methods use to Construct reviewThe data for the review was collected over a ten workweek period within the ward. The author consulted service users notes, attended multidisciplinary aggroup meetings and conducted a series of semi-structured, one to one interviews with service users and staff, including a consultant, doctors, ward manager , worry fors, nursing assistants and occupational therapists.A books search was also carried out using accredited databases including CINAHL and the British Nursing Index. Relevant journal articles were found on these databases using keywords such as service user, involvement and mental health services. Nursing research books were also used to gather information along with web sites underlining home(a) policies and object lessons for mental health nursing. one hundred tenFindingsHow are decisions made within the placement area regarding discharge planning?Throughout the weeks on this placement research was carried out by the author on policies and procedures for discharge planning. The one in particular that was found to be relevant was the Care Programme Approach (CPA). CPA is to the highest degree early identification of needs, subsidization of individuals or organisations to meet those needs in an agreed and co-ordinated way and regular reviews of progress with the patie nt and care providers. CPA is also about involving family or carers at the earliest point. The Care Programme Approach requires that patients should be provided with copies of their care plans and it has been increasingly common for patients who have been the responsibility of forensic psychiatrists to have copies of documents relating to their care. (DOH 2008).Systems were in place for door-to-door care planning. There was evidence to show that the service users social, educational and occupational needs were taken into account in the care planning process and otherwise specialist interventions were avail up to(p).In addition to this, in some cases, discharge planning was evident from an early stage (not long after admission), although in other cases a few months had elapsed before any document noted those discussions. Discharge planning is enhanced by the Care Programme Approach (CPA) a multi-disciplinary care planning systematic approach that involves service users and their ca rers. Care Programme Approach is the framework for care co-ordination and resource allocation in mental health services. Decisions for discharge are made through the multi-disciplinary team which consists of consultants, ward manager, nursing staff, occupational therapy and social workers. This will go forward to a tribunal where the service user will be invited to take part, here all the evidence will be put forward and a decision will be made. If the service user is restricted accordingly the decision will be made by the First Minister.Most service users have long term mental health problems and complex social needs and have been in contact with mental health services for more(prenominal) than twenty years so neer think about discharge. Being in hospital for so long has become part of their lives so service users see it as pointless creation discharged, what would I do 360What decisions/involvement does the service user have in this process?Service users are encouraged to be fully involved in all aspects of their care as far as they are satisfactory to. Service users past and present wishes should be taken into account, their views and opinions with regards to their treatment plan mustiness also be recorded, as stated in the Mental Health (Care and intercession) Act 2003. The principles of the act underpin any decision made relating to a detained service user in Scotland. The Milan Committee devoted a chapter in the act that referred to high risk patients it stated that service users should have the right of appeal to be transferred from a high or medium see facility to that of a facility with lower security conditions. (Mental Health Care and Treatment Scotland Act 2003). in spite of appearance this placement care and treatment plans are reviewed on a regular basis. Service users are expected to meet with their key worker and other team members on a regular basis, care plans are reviewed at these meetings and a mutual agreement will be decided, on the best way forward, once the care plan has been agreed by all the service user has to adhere to the care plan.Service users have the opportunity for regular one-to-ones with their key workers (weekly basis) or more regularly if they require. Service users have the opportunity to put forward their thoughts on discharge and any other aspect of their care at the review, such as their rights beliefs and their right to a tribunal (The Human Rights Act 1998).The review takes place every four months, again this is a multi-disciplinary meeting and service users are invited to attend with the support of advocacy or someone of their choice. The Human Rights Act 1998 gives legal effect in the UK to certain fundamental rights and freedoms contained in the European throng on Human Rights (ECHR). These rights not only affect matters of life and death like freedom from torture and killing, but also affect your rights in customary life what you can say and do, your beliefs, your right to a fair trial and legion(predicate) other similar basic entitlements.During the time spent on this placement it was noted that service users and key workers met at the beginning of the week to discuss how they felt things have been for them, the service user has the opportunity to discuss what changes they would like to happen, this is then recorded in the service users notes and taken forward to the clinical team that week where it would be discussed if any changes in care and treatment would take place, the service user is then informed of any changes and decisions made. The opportunity arose for the author to take part in these weekly reviews, during this one-to-one time most service users were able to express their thoughts and feelings about issues they had encountered that week and describe what therapeutic strategies they used to get through it.The service user will be provided with a copy of the Treatment Plan Objectives, or informed in detail of the contents of the treatment plan , in the event that any learning or specific reading or language difficulty information should be provided in a way that is most likely to be understood.Arnstein (1969) constructed a course of participation which described eight-spot stages of user participation in services, including mental health. These stages ranged from no participation to user controlled services. The above service users would be placed on the 6th rung of the ladder in the partnership range as they agree to share planning and decision-making responsibilities.599Does this placement area reflect its practice on local or national policies regarding service user involvement in discharge planning?When asked their views on the subject the Ward manager and senior nursing staff presented documentation which reaffirmed authoritative practice within the ward. The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities (ESCs,) he explained was the model now being followed on the ward, has just been implemented into this area of placement w ithin the last two years, which the ward staff have adopted well by providing a person-centred approach as much as possible. This new person-centred model embraced the ethos of the above, and senior staff stressed that good practice dictated that service users have the opportunity to appropriately influence delivery of care and support. A review of policies and procedures as well as discussions with staff provided evidence that the policies were actually in place.Throughout the placement, the author noticed that efforts were being made all the time to nurse according to the new model. Included were regular one to one sessions between nurses and service users to hear their views and thoughts, these already took place before the ESCs were introduced. Moreover some staff do find it difficult to adopt the ESCs and the mental health act due to the restraints of the environment (secure ward), however they are prepared to embrace the opportunity for further education and support.226Identif y barriers and constraints.While on placement and conducting this review the author noted that one of the barriers to effective involvement came from some of the service users, due to the complex nature of the area the service users had become institutionalised and found it difficult to be thinking about discharge at this stage in their lives, so they just accept the way things are and do not get too much involved as far as care plans are involved and just say what they think the staff want to hear.In secure settings engagement of service users in perspicacity and treatment can be difficult, as there is a potential risk of perceived coercion.Moreover with the lack of medium secure facilities around this can hinder service users from contemptible on within the specified time limit agreed, as there are no provisions.. 138Recommendations for DevelopmentMost service users were more concerned about their futures and life post discharge. They wanted their time between now and then to be concerned with preparing them for discharge. It was frustrating for many service users that they felt that little in the way of such preparation was taking placeHigh secure units should ensure that at the point of discharge patients have a copy of their discharge care plan in a suitable format which includes appropriate information about the circumstances that might result in their return to secure mental health provision.However a recommendation that high secure units should ensure that factors to be weighed in assessing relapse are part of the risk assessment included in the discharge plan of all patients.The National Service Framework for Mental Health states that Service users and carers should be involved in planning, providing and evaluating cooking for all health care professionals (Department of Health, 1999). This is the case in most health care provisions but for more education, training and information to be more readily available.Strengthening the user perspective and user involvement in mental health services has been a key part of policymaking in many countries, and also has been encouraged by World Health Organization (WHO) in order to establish services that are better tailored to peoples needs and used more appropriately..174ReflectionIn this review, I need to reflect on the situation that took place during my clinical placement to develop and utilise my interpersonal skills in order to maintain the therapeutic relationships with service users. In this reflection, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This model is a recognised framework for my reflection. Gibbs (1988) consists of six stages to complete one cycle which is able to improve my nursing practice continuously and learning from the experience for better practice in the future.During the first week of placement I was encouraged to work closely with my mentor. This gave me the opportunity to orientate myself to the ward and get an overview of the needs and requirements of the service users. This also provided me with the chance to observe how the nursing team worked on the ward. During this time I have learned that if the concept of interprofessional working is to succeed in practice, professionals need excellent team working and parley skills. Good chat, as we have staged in our group work theory, is crucial in the effective delivery of patient care and poor communication can result in increased risk to the service users. I have learned the valuable skills required for good communication and will transfer these into practice by adapting to the local communication procedures. The NMC advices that at the point of registration students should have the necessary skills to communicate effectively with colleagues and other departments to improve patience care (NMC, 2004).In conclusion of my reflective assignment, I mention the model that I chose, Gibbs Reflective Cycle(1988) as my framework for my reflective piece. I state the reasons why I am choosing the model as well as some discussion on the important of doing reflection in nursing practice. I am able to discuss every stage in the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle about my ability to develop my therapeutic relationship by using my interpersonal skills with service users for this reflection. 369

Analysis of the Doppler Effect

Analysis of the Doppler EffectAssignment 3 topics and themes in physics- oscillations and wavesDoppler radiolocationA Doppler radar is specialized radar that uses the Doppler Effect to produce data rough an objects velocity at a given distance. Doppler radar works by spring microwave signals at the desired target and whence listening to its reflection, then the returning relative frequency is analysed to see how it has changed from the original signal. This variation gives direct and highly unblemished measurements of the radial component of a targets velocity relative to the radar.The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after the famed Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842 and is the difference among the spy frequency and the emitted frequency of a wave for an reviewer wretched relative to the source of the waves. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren approaches, passes and dulls from an observer perspective.When a wave with angul ar frequency and phase velocity c propagates in a medium, an observer pitiable with velocity v par totallyel to c experiences a shifted frequency 1 = (1 v/c) (1). They do not dep decision on the relative velocity as other circumstances do occur. electromagnetic waves shargon with sound the same property which is propagation velocity. It is independent of the move of the source . Einstein formulated his extended principle of relativity stated that all physical and electromagnetic forces should depend on relative velocities. From this he created Lorentz transformation.Sound vs. LightThere atomic number 18 three differences between acoustical (sound) and optical (light) Doppler make The optical frequency change is not dependent on which is moving the source or observer either is it affected by the medium by which the waves are moving, but acoustical frequency is affected by these things. Optical frequency changes are affected if the source or observer moves at proper(a) angle s to the line connecting the source and observer. Observed acoustical changes are not affected in such a situation. Applications of the Doppler phenomenon include the Doppler radar and the measurement by astronomers of the motion and direction of celestial bodies.Light itself travels at 186,000miles a second (, but unlike sound light doesnt need to travel through a medium. Whereas sound cannot be transmitted into space light can be in the form of radiation and similarly a form of energy that is prescribe through a vacuum. The Doppler effect of light is more commonly known as the relativistic Doppler Effect.The Doppler Effect In AstronomyIn astronomy, the Doppler Effect was in the first place studied in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Today we can the see the use of the Doppler shift(Doppler effect) applies to all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Also, because of the inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength, we can describe the Doppler shift in terms of wavelength. Radiation is red shifted when its wavelength increases, and is blue shifted when its wavelength decreases.Astronomers use Doppler shifts to work out rattling accu positionly at what rate stars and other astronomical objects are moving towards or past(predicate) from Earth. For example the spectral lines emitted by hydrogen gas in distant galaxies is often observed to be considerably red shifted. The spectral line emission, normally found at a wavelength of 21 centimetres on Earth, might be observed at 21.1 centimetres instead. This 0.1 centimetre redshift would indicate that the gas is moving away from Earth at over 1,400 kilometres per second (over 880 miles per second).The red shiftAs an object moves further away from an observer the light waves emitted are affected by the Doppler Effect.In 1923, American astronomer and physicist Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) observed that the light waves from distant galaxies were shifted so some(prenominal) to the red end o f the light spectrum that they must be moving away from the Milky Way, the coltsfoot in which Earth is located, at a high rate.(10)After these finding he then furthered his studies and came up with a mathematical formula in which he could determine how far away and at what rate they were moving away from the galaxy and how far towards the red shift. This formula is known as Hubbles constant. From this a lot of other astronomers cod come together and came up with the theory that the population emerged instantly in a sort of bang, therefore coming amount the big bang theory. My research of galaxies the sun itself contains helium. This is proven as on the spectrum case there are black lines in which the sun has absorbed light through the heliumThe Doppler Effect in aerospaceSonic booms, commonly produced by airplanes notch through the sound barrier, are another example of the Doppler Effect. As a plane approaches the sound barrier the sound waves become increasingly compressed at the front of the plane. Pilots have also reported that they feel noticeable wall or barrier as they approach the vivify of sound, and this is due to this intense compaction of the sound waves. When the plane reaches the speed of sound, and passes through, it is said to go supersonic. There have been high speed photos taken of high velocity objects such as planes and bullets approaching, then breaking through the sound barrier. In these, the compression of the sound waves are clearly shown in the front, with the concomitant lengthening at the rear, just as would be expected by the Doppler Effect.Doppler Navigation System uses the Doppler effect to measure an aircrafts ground speed and heading. The Doppler radar functions by continuous measurement of Doppler shift and converting the measured set to groundspeed and drift angle. In early systems the aircrafts departure point was loaded into a navigation computer, which then converted the aircrafts heading and Doppler ground speed/dr ift inputs into a continuous display of aircraft position this was then displayed as latitude and longitude, and/ or as distance to go along track and position left or right of track, in nautical miles. Aircraft navigation systems such as these are very important because they are key in getting the aircraft from one placement to another safely. Doppler navigation is also one of the systems that air traffic controllers use, its allows then to see an aircrafts exact heading, air speed and altitude. This allows the aircraft controller to give curb aircraft in clear and uncongested air which significantly reduces the chances of in air collisions.DOPPLER RADARThe patrol also utilise the Doppler Effect in the form of Doppler radar to calculate the speed of passing car and to check whether they are obeying the speed limits. This technology is not only used by the police but also by meteorologists.The change in frequency experienced as a result of the Doppler effect is exactly twice the ratio between the velocity of the target (for instance, a speeding car) and the speed with which the radar pulse is directed toward the target. From this formula, it is possible to determine the velocity of the target when the frequency change and speed of radar propagation are known. The police officers Doppler radar performs these calculations then all the officer has to do is pull over the speeder and write a ticket.The development in Doppler radar has also helped to helped to eliminate aviation crashes associated with microburst. A microburst is a very localized column of sinking air caused by a small and intense downdraft within a thunderstorm. The crash Delta Air Lines Flight 191 , which a microburst was the primary cause for the crash of the Lockheed L1011 Tri-Star was key factor in the push for developing microburst detection system. As a result of the crash, planes are now fitted with Doppler radar as standard. It allows pilots to prepare for microburst and allows then to i ncrease power to the engines to stop the plane from crashing. The Doppler radar system of the plane is usually located in the planes ray dome.MeteorologyMeteorologists use Doppler radar to track the movement of storm by detecting the direction and velocity of raindrops or hail, for instance, Doppler radar can be used to determine the motion of waves and, thus, to predict weather patterns that will follow in the next minutes or hours. But Doppler radar can do more than simply detect a storm in progress Doppler technology also aids meteorologists by interpreting wind direction, as an indicator of incoming storms.Meteorologists use a similar principle to read weather events. In this case, the stationary transmitter is located in a weather station and the moving object being studied is a storm system. This is what happensRadio waves are emitted from a weather station at very specific frequency.The waves are large enough to interact with clouds and other atmospheric objects. The waves s trike objects and bounce back toward the station.If the clouds or precipitation are moving away from the station, the frequency of the waves reflected back decreases. If the clouds or precipitation are moving toward the station, the frequency of the waves reflected back increases.Computers in the radar electronically convert Doppler shift data about the reflected radio waves into more useful pictures which show wind speeds and direction.Doppler radars are also a lot more sensitive to movement of targets in general, whether they are moving towards or away from the radar site which things such as birds, insects, or just clouds when they are operated in certain modes. Doppler radars measure a targets velocity, which both is the speed of movement the direction that its moving. These types of radars allow meteorologists to see a lot of the in contingent movements that go on inside thunderstorms, this then allows the meteorologists to predict how those thunderstorms will yield in the f uture.Doppler EchocardiogramA traditional echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce fairly accurate images of the heart. In this procedure, a radiologist uses a transducer to transmit and receive ultrasound waves, which are reflected when they reach the edge of two structures with different densities. The image produced by an echocardiogram shows the edges of heart structures, but the down side it cannot measure the speed of blood flow as it makes its way through the heart. In a Doppler echocardiogram, sound waves of a certain frequency are transmitted into the heart. The sound waves bounce off blood cells moving through the heart and blood vessels. The movement of these cells, either toward or away from the transmitted waves which then results in a frequency shift that can be measured. This helps cardiologists determine the speed and direction of blood flow in the heart which is the most significant difference between the traditional echocardiogram and a Doppler echocardiogram.Tra nsverse and longitudinal waves A transverse wave is a moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring at right angles to the direction of energy transfer. If a transverse wave is moving in the positive x-direction, its oscillations are in up and down directions that lie in the yz plane. For transverse waves in matter the displacement of the medium is at 90 degrees to the direction of propagation of the wave. A ripple in a pond and a wave on a string are comfortably visualized forms of transverse waves. Examples of transverse waves include S (secondary) waves, and the motion of the electric (E) and magnetic (M) fields in an electromagnetic plane wave, which both oscillate perpendicularly to each other as well as to the direction of energy transfer.ConclusionIn conclusion this reports through my many hours of research, talks in detail about the history and the useful applications of it. Aircraft and aerospace engineering as they use Doppler radar is a very interesting and a wide range of applications and I have toughly enjoyed researching about it especially since these are topic areas which i am particularly interested and other practical uses with the speed guns used in the police force and also the sirens on the motor vehicles. The application of the Doppler Effect and its applications in aerospace are a very interesting subject and something which i very much look forward to looking and working on in am going into university.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis :: Essays Papers

Mycobacterium tuberculosis IntroductionMycobacterium tuberculosis has been present in the pitying population for thousands of years fragments of the spinal column from Egyptian mummies from 2400 BCE show definite pathological signs of tubercular decay. Called consumption, tuberculosis was recognized as the leading cause of deathrate by 1650. Using a new staining technique, Robert Koch identified the bacterium responsible for causing consumption in 1882. While scientists finally had a purpose for fighting the disease, they did not have the means to treat patients the spread of transmitting was controlled only by attempting to isolate patients. At the turn of the twentieth century, more than 80% of the population in the United States was infected before age 20, and tuberculosis was still the leading cause of death. The production of antibiotics in the 1940s allowed physicians to begin efficaciously treating patients, leading to huge drops in the death rate of the disease. Tubercu losis is still a major cause of mortality in young adults worldwide, but is less(prenominal) of a problem in developed countries.Microbiological characteristicsMycobacterium tuberculosis is a nonmotile, acid-fast, obligate aerobe. The bacilli are 2-4 um in length and have a very behind generation time of between 15 and 20 hours. The cell wall of the mycobacterium is unique in that it is composed mainly of acidic waxes, specifically mycolic acids. M. tuberculosis is unusually resistant to drying and chemicals, contributing to the ease with which it is transmitted.Encounter/EntryTuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols containing the tubercle bacilli. The required inoculum size for infection is usually high, but easily occurs with exposure to a patient who is currently infected. The products of dried aerosols, droplet nuclei, are particularly infectious because they remain in the air for an all-inclusive time, and upon inhalation easily move to the alveoli. The severe d amage related to infection is caused by the reaction of the host. The tuberculosis infection has two phases, primary and secondary. Primary infectionPrimary tuberculosis is the initial infection of the host, usually being mild and asymptomatic. A healthy person recently infected with the mycobacterium may acquaint flu-like symptoms and has no reason to suspect tuberculosis. Left untreated, the bacilli infect and multiply within pulmonary alveolar macrophages, migrating to the hilar lymph nodes. An immune response is exhibited by the T-helper cells, and inflammation develops at multiple sites. A person may test positive in the tuberculin skin test at this point, and a chest x-ray may shows opacities in the lungs.

The Mortal Sin Of Pride Essay -- essays research papers

The Mortal Sin of overchargeIn The Cask of the Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe uses symbolism, imagery, and the tune to help fully explore the sinful nature of pride and its serious consequences inwardly the short story. The character of Fortunato is the main compression for the explanation of the dangers of being authoritarian of ones self. By examining Poes use of symbolism, images, and effective backdrops around Fortunato the reader may begin to understand the importance of the harmful sin of pride.Poe designedly explains to the reader early on within the short story, The Cask of the Amontillado, that Fortunato takes extreme pride in himself on his connoisseurship in wine (153). The theme of having an overwhelming aggregate of self-pride, one of the seven deadly sins, is projected as a weakness of Fortunato and foreshadows the ideal that this deadly sin of pride may very well tow to the means of Forturnatos own destruction. Fortunato Believes that his connoisseurship in wine (153) is far more developed and advance than anyone else in the area, especially Luchesi and Montresor. For example when Montresor offered to take his business to Luchesi because he, Fortunato, appeared to be pre-engaged in the enjoying himself within the supreme madness of the carnival (153) however, Fortunato replied with Luchesi cannot dictate Amontillado from Sherry (154). The reader may argue that Luchesi might have truly been... The Mortal Sin Of Pride Essay -- essays research papers The Mortal Sin of PrideIn The Cask of the Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe uses symbolism, imagery, and the atmosphere to help fully explore the sinful nature of pride and its serious consequences within the short story. The character of Fortunato is the main capsule for the explanation of the dangers of being prideful of ones self. By examining Poes use of symbolism, images, and effective backdrops around Fortunato the reader may begin to understand the importance of the deadly sin of pride.Poe deliberately explains to the reader early on within the short story, The Cask of the Amontillado, that Fortunato takes extreme pride in himself on his connoisseurship in wine (153). The theme of having an overwhelming amount of self-pride, one of the seven deadly sins, is projected as a weakness of Fortunato and foreshadows the ideal that this deadly sin of pride may very well lead to the means of Forturnatos own destruction. Fortunato Believes that his connoisseurship in wine (153) is far more developed and advance than anyone else in the area, especially Luchesi and Montresor. For example when Montresor offered to take his business to Luchesi because he, Fortunato, appeared to be pre-engaged in the enjoying himself within the supreme madness of the carnival (153) however, Fortunato replied with Luchesi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry (154). The reader may argue that Luchesi might have truly been...

Cinnamon: Its Not Just For Making Cinnamon Rolls :: Botany

Cinnamon Its Not Just For Making Cinnamon RollsMost people around the world are familiar with the sweet and vitriolic taste of cinnamon. Cinnamon is the common name for the trees and shrubs that belong to the genus Cinnamomum of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Cinnamon spice comes primarily from the Sri Lankan cinnamon known as Cinnamomum zeylanicum. It is obtained from the constitute by drying the central part of the clamber, which is then sold in stick or powdered form. The cinnamon oil color is extracted from the waste products of drying and the pointed black fruits that the tree bears (1). This oil is used for medicinal purposes or flavoring (2). Cinnamomum Zeylanicum is the source of cinnamon that we in the United States commonly buy. Cinnamon contains cinnamic aldehyde, essential oils, Eugenol, metholeugenol, muscilage, sucrose, starch, and tannin (3). Distribution arrive you ever wondered where cinnamon comes from? It is unbelievable to think that there is a place somewher e in the world where cinnamon is commonly seen growing along the font of the road. Just imagine walking through campus with cinnamon trees growing all around you. Cinnamon is native to India, Mayala, Ceylon, China, Japan and Taiwan, where it is as common to them as an oak tree wood be to us (1). The spice grows in a number of tropical forests and is extensively cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world, including Madagascar, Brazil, and the Caribbean (4). Cinnamomum zeylanicum, genuine Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka, India, where it was one of the spices responsible for world trade (5). Description The Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree grows up to thirty feet tall with ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaves that can be four to seven inches long. The flowers are inconspicuous, and the panicles of the yellowish flowers are usually longer than the leaves (6). These panicles bear pointed black fruits from which cinnamon oil is extracted. The cinnamon sticks are made from the bark o f the tree and are rolled naturally when the bark is sun-dried. The tree grows best in deep, well-drained, moist soils (1). Uses Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has many common everyday uses and some not so common uses. Everybody has probably used cinnamon for some reason, whether for cooking purposes or medicinal purposes. Despite being widely used in food for thought and pharmacy it is also important in the cosmetic and perfumery industries (7). In some areas cinnamon has been known to be used for religious purposes.

Characterization through Imagery and Metaphor in The Scarlet Letter Ess

Characterization by dint of Imagery and Metaphor in The crimson Letter Throughout his novel, The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne reveals character through the use of imagery and metaphor. In the first Chapter of The Scarlet Letter, The Prison-Door, the reader is immediately introduced to the people of Puritan Boston. Hawthorne begins to develop the character of the common people in coiffe to build the mood of the story. The first sentence begins, A throng of bearded men, in sad-colored garments and gray, steeple-crowned hats, intermixed with women, some wearing hoods, and others bareheaded, was assembled in front of a wooden edifice, the doorstep of which was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron spikes (Hawthorne 45). Hawthornes use of vivid visual images and his Aaccumulation of emotionally weighted details (Baym xii) creates sympathy for the not yet introduced character, Hester Prynne, and creates an immediate grounds of the harshness of the Puritanic code in the peop le. The images created give the freedom to cypher whatever entails sadness and morbidity of character for the reader Hawthorne does not, however, allow the reader to imagine lenient or cheerful people. The above excerpt was provided so that the student would know the focus of the essay. The complete essay begins below. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804. After his graduation from Bowdoin College in Maine, he quickly became a well-known author of literary tales concerning early American life. Between 1825 and 1850, he developed his endowment fund by writing short fiction, and he gained international fame for his fictional novel The Scarlet Letter in 1850 (Clendenning 118). Rufus Wilmot Griswold... ...g and appreciation of qualities of characters, and hence, a deeper understanding of underlying motives and psyche. compound and methodical characterization is crucial to grasp the full meaning of a narrative. Works Cited Baym, Nina. Introduction. The Sca rlet Letter. By Nathaniel Hawthorne. naked as a jaybird York City Penguin Books USA, Inc. 1986. Clendenning, John. Nathaniel Hawthorne. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed. Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. The Scarlet Letter. The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors. Ed. Charles Wells Moulton. Gloucester, Massachusetts Peter Smith Publishing, 1959. 341-371. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York Penguin Books USA Inc., 1986. Smiles, Samuel. The Scarlet Letter. The Critical Temper. Ed. Martin Tucker. New York City Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1962. 266.